https://crowbar.team/posts/ Recent content in Posts on crowbar Hugo en-us Mon, 20 Jul 2026 02:00:00 +0000 https://crowbar.team/posts/linear-search-optimization/ Mon, 20 Jul 2026 02:00:00 +0000 https://crowbar.team/posts/linear-search-optimization/ <p>Linear search is one of the simplest algorithms for finding a value in a sequence. It has a worst-case time complexity of \(O(n)\), making it asymptotically less efficient than algorithms such as binary search, which performs lookups in \(O(\log n)\) on sorted data.</p> <p>If the data is initially unsorted, however, it must first be sorted at a cost of \(O(n \log n)\). For a single lookup, this preprocessing cost makes sorting followed by binary search slower than a linear scan. Binary search becomes advantageous when the same dataset is searched repeatedly.</p> https://crowbar.team/posts/cs2-sub-ticks/ Sun, 02 Apr 2023 00:00:00 +0000 https://crowbar.team/posts/cs2-sub-ticks/ <p>Counter-Strike 2 introduced a new input system called <strong>Sub-Ticks</strong>, replacing the traditional approach where a <code>user_cmd</code> represented a single game tick. Instead, each command can now contain multiple sub-tick inputs, allowing the server to reconstruct player actions with much greater precision.</p> <h2 id="what-are-sub-ticks">What are Sub-Ticks?</h2> <p>Prior to Source 2, player input was sampled once per server tick. Counter-Strike 2 instead records player actions at a higher temporal resolution by storing multiple sub-tick events inside a single <code>user_cmd</code>.</p> https://crowbar.team/posts/cs2-ray-tracing/ Sat, 01 Apr 2023 00:00:00 +0000 https://crowbar.team/posts/cs2-ray-tracing/ <p>A core requirement of any aimbot is determining whether an enemy is visible or obstructed by world geometry. To answer that question reliably, the game&rsquo;s ray tracing system must be used.</p> <h2 id="what-is-ray-tracing">What is ray tracing?</h2> <p>Ray tracing is a technique used by game engines to determine whether a line intersects with geometry or entities in the world. A ray is cast from a starting position in a specified direction, and the engine reports the first object it intersects.</p> https://crowbar.team/posts/csgo-ip-grabber/ Sat, 01 Feb 2020 02:00:00 +0000 https://crowbar.team/posts/csgo-ip-grabber/ <h2 id="overview">Overview</h2> <p>CSGO&rsquo;s lobby architecture implements a decentralized peer-to-peer topology, where clients establish direct connections to exchange game state and synchronize player actions. This design exposes the underlying <code>ISteamNetworking</code> interface, which leaks remote peer IPv4 addresses through the <code>P2PSessionState_t</code> structure. This enables trivial IP enumeration of all players in an active lobby.</p> <h2 id="architecture-analysis">Architecture Analysis</h2> <h3 id="steam-networking-stack">Steam Networking Stack</h3> <p>CSGO leverages Valve&rsquo;s proprietary Steam networking layer built atop the Source engine. The P2P system abstracts away NAT traversal through a combination of direct connections and relay servers, exposing the following critical structures via the Source SDK:</p>